The struggle of three million Jews to live as Jews behind the Iron Curtain — and to leave. Memoirs by the refuseniks and Prisoners of Zion themselves, including Yosef Mendelevich and the participants in the 1970 Leningrad hijacking attempt, alongside histories of the Jewish soldiers of the Red Army, the international protest movement that pressed Moscow for two decades, and the Jewish revival that followed the Soviet collapse.



















